“Supplement your older students’ study of politics with these readings.  Great for practice [in] identifying worldview, underlying assumptions, and logical fallacies.”
– Leigh A. Bortins, author of The Core: Teaching Your Child the Foundations of Classical Education (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), on her 1 Smart Mama blog, 16 June 2010

 first posted 17 April 2010; last revised 15 August 2010

  Fifty Contemporary Political Ideologies

  by Mark Satin

I thought you’d enjoy seeing my list of the 50 most significant modern and contemporary political ideologies. Students and teachers may find it especially valuable (it worked well in a class I guest-taught in the Peace and Conflict Studies Department at UC-Berkeley in April 2010).

Along with each ideology below, I’ve suggested two readings.  Most are by co-creators or advocates of the ideology at issue, and nearly all were written in our 21st century.  All are freely available on the Web -- just click on the blue titles below.

Needless to say, no reading is – or can be – perfectly representative of a political ideology, which is typically the construction of a myriad of scholars and activists and is anyway never finally set in stone; hopefully, each reading here will prompt you to dig deeper in the literature.

I constructed this list, aka my “global ideology map,” out of my experiences as an activist and political journalist.  (Over the years I have engaged with exponents of nearly every ideology below, and have made substantial contributions to three ideologies: radical centrism, through my book Radical Middle, Basic Books, 2004; transformationalism, through my book New Age Politics, Dell Publishing Co., 1979; and deep-green ecologism, as conceiver and co-editor – with Charlene Spretnak – of the original version of the U.S. Green Party’s founding statement, “Ten Key Values.”)

Feel free to use this list in any way you like.  I am using it as the basis for a book I’m writing (on the disintegration of modern and contemporary political ideologies and the future of social change), so please, if you do make use of this list, give me credit or cite or link to this Web page.  Thanks in advance, and enjoy!

P.S: Please feel free to suggest arguably more significant ideologies to me, or to recommend arguably more pertinent readings.  I can be reached at msatin (at) radicalmiddle.com.

PP.S. I have not included manifestos or platforms here (I regard them as expressions of ideology, and not the Thing Itself), but if you'd like to see some good ones, just go to our page "Fifty Political Manifestos and Platforms of Our Time."

PREFACE

A. Why Ideology?: Slavoj Zizek, “20 Years of Collapse,” New York Times, 9 Nov. 2009

B. Human Nature, I (quasi-tragic vision): Steven Pinker interviewed by John Brockman, “A Biological Understanding of Human Nature,” Edge Foundation website, 9 Sept. 2002

C. Human Nature, II (blue-sky vision): Dacher Keltner, "The Evolution of Compassion," Altruists International website, 29 Sept. 2006

INTRODUCTION

A. Understanding Ideology: Manfred Steger, “Introduction: Political Ideologies and Social Imaginaries,” pp. 1-5 in Steger, The Rise of the Global Imaginary, 2008 [after you click on this link, you’ll need to type “Social Imaginaries” into the search box]

B. Creating Ideology, I (bottom-up): Lawrence Goodwyn, “The Alliance Develops a Movement Culture,” pp. 20-35 in Goodwyn, The Populist Moment, 1978

C. Creating Ideology, II (young turks): Todd Gitlin, “‘Name the System,’” pp. 171-88 in Gitlin, The Sixties, rev. 1993 [after you click on this link, you’ll need to type “Name the System” into the search box]

D. Creating Ideology, III (top-down): Cheng Chen, “Post-Communist Russia’s Search for a New Regime Ideology,” conference paper, American Political Science Association, Aug. 2009 [after you click on this link, you’ll need to click on the box marked "One-Click Download" and then on the box marked “Chicago Booth”]

I. ANARCHISM

1a. Left Anarchism (communalist): Murray Bookchin, “The Communalist Project,” Harbinger, 1 Sep. 2002 [now concluding chapter in Bookchin, Social Ecology and Communalism, 2007]

1b. Left Anarchism (anti-developmentalist): Gustavo Esteva interviewed by Nic Paget-Clarke, "The Society of the Different," In Motion, 8 Apr. 2006 [see esp. parts 1 & 3] 

1c. Left Anarchism (moralist): Ward Churchill, “Some People Push Back,” KERSPLEBEDEB website, c. Oct. 2001

2a. Anarcho-Primitivism (emphasis on social science): John Zerzan interviewed by G Sampath, “Primitive Green,” Daily News and Analysis website (Mumbai), 20 Dec. 2009

2b. Anarcho-Primitivism (emphasis on deep feeling): Derrick Jensen, pp. ix-xii & 1-23 in Jensen, Endgame, Vol. I: The Problem of Civilization, 2006

II. CONSERVATISM

3a. Free-Market Conservatism (economic aspect): Guy Sorman, “Economics Does Not Lie,” City Journal, Summer 2008

3b. Free-Market Conservatism (cultural aspect): Steven Malanga, “Whatever Happened to the Work Ethic?,” City Journal, Summer 2009

3c. Free Market Conservatism (visionary aspect): Peter Huber, “Techno-Optimism,” Forbes, 25 Feb. 2008 [exuberant]; or Matt Ridley, “We’ve Never Had It So Good – and It’s All Thanks to Science,” Guardian (Britain), 3 Apr. 2003 [more measured]

4a. Traditionalist Conservatism (social issues): Amy Wax, “Mothers Alone,” Policy Review, Jan. 2009

4b. Traditionalist Conservatism (foreign policy issues): Bill Kauffman, “Introduction: I'll Just Stay Here,” pp. 1-10 in Kauffman, Ain't My America: The Long. Noble History of Anti-War Conservatism ... , 2008

4c. Traditionalist Conservatism (existential issues): Rod Dreher, pp. 1-26 in Crunchy Cons: The New Conservative Counterculture, 2006 [some pages are missing from the linked text, but that’s OK]

5a. Neoconservatism (sunny side): Irving Kristol, “The Neoconservative Persuasion,” Weekly Standard, 25 Aug. 2003

5b. Neoconservatism (shadow side): Norman Podhoretz, “The Case for Bombing Iran,” Commentary, Jun. 2007

5c. Neoconservatism (in retreat): Francis Fukuyama, “After Neoconservatism,” New York Times Magazine, 19 Feb. 2006

6a. Progressive Conservatism (economic issues): Reihan Salam & Ross Douthat, “The Party of Sam’s Club,” Weekly Standard, 14 Nov. 2005

6b. Progressive Conservatism (social issues): Theodore Olson, “The Conservative Case for Gay Marriage,” Newsweek, 9 Jan. 2010

6c. Progressive Conservatism (Britain): Phillip Blond. “Rise of the Red Tories,” Prospect (Britain), 28 Feb. 2009

7a. State Capitalism (esp. Japan & China): Mark Beeson, “Developmental States in East Asia,” Asian Perspective, vol. 33, no. 2, 2009

7b. State Capitalism (esp. Russia & China): Ian Bremmer, “State Capitalism Comes of Age,” Viet Studies website, orig. Foreign Affairs, May 2009

8a. Guided Democracy (view from the suites): Lee Kuan Yew interviewed by Fareed Zakaria, “Culture Is Destiny,” Lee Kuan Yew website, orig. Foreign Affairs, Mar. 1994

8b. Guided Democracy (view from the streets): Mark Jacobson, “The Singapore Solution,” National Geographic, Jan. 2010

III. ECOLOGISM

9a. Bright-Green Ecologism (exuberant): Ross Robertson, “A Brighter Shade of Green,” EnlightenNext, Oct. 2007

9b. Bright-Green Ecologism (wizened): Stewart Brand, “We Are as Gods and Have To Get Good at It,” Edge Foundation website, 20 Aug. 2009

10a. Creative Capitalism (aspirational): Bill Gates, “A New Approach to Capitalism in the 21st Century,” speech at the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, 24 Jan. 2008 [now pp. 7-16 in Michael Kinsley, ed., Creative Capitalism, 2008]

10b. Creative Capitalism (nuts-and-bolts): Muhammad Yunus, "Halving Poverty by 2015," speech at Commonwealth Institute, London, 11 Mar. 2003

11a. Deep-Green Ecologism (stress on eco-political): Vandana Shiva, “Introduction: Principles of Earth Democracy,” pp. 1-11 in Shiva, Earth Democracy, 2006

11b. Deep-Green Ecologism (stress on eco-economic): Amory Lovins et al., “A Road Map for Natural Capitalism,” Harvard Business Review, May 1999

12a. Creative Decentralism (view from Main Street): Bill Kauffman, Part I & Conclusion in Kauffman, “Back to Batavia,” Crooked Lake Review, May 1991 [now Chap. 1 in Kauffman, Dispatches from the Muckdog Gazette, 2002]

12b. Creative Decentralism (view from ecology & economics): Bill McKibben, “Reversal of Fortune,” Mother Jones, Mar. 2007

12c. Creative Decentralism (even bigger view): Charlene Spretnak, “The Resurgence of the Real,” Charlene Spretnak website, orig. Utne Reader, Jul. 1997

IV. (NEO)FASCISM & IDEOLOGIES OF COPING AND EMBATTLEMENT

13a. Racialism (white & polite): Samuel Francis, “The Return of the Repressed,” Occidental Quarterly, Fall 2005

13b. Racialism (white & blunt): Prof. Andrew Fraser, “Reversing the Racial Revolution,” speech at the Inverell Forum, Inverell, Australia, 17 Mar. 2006

13c. Racialism (black & polite): Randall Robinson, “Jewel,” Chap. 1 in Robinson, Quitting America: The Departure of a Black Man from His Native Land, 2004

13d. Racialism (black & blunt): Malik Shabazz interviewed by Ashahed Muhammad, “Exclusive Interview with Attorney Malik Zulu Shabazz," Truth Establishment Institute website, c. Feb. 2005

14a. Neopatrimonialism (in theory): Diana Cammack et al., “Neopatrimonialism in Theory,” pp. 3-4 [pdf pp. 11-12] in Cammack et al., “Neopatrimonial Politics ... and Local Government,” Advisory Board for Irish Aid, Dec. 2007 [brief summary]; or Gero Erdmann & Ulf Engel, pp. 17-30 in Erdmann & Engel, “Neopatrimonialism Revisited,” German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Feb. 2006 [in-depth]

14b. Neopatrimonialism (in practice): Farzana Nawaz, “Corruption and Resource Distribution in Neopatrimomial Systems,” Transparency International, Sep. 2008

15a. Survivalism (Rio de Janeiro-style): Jon Lee Anderson, “Gangland,” orig. New Yorker, 5 Oct. 2009

15b. Survivalism (Chicago-style): Sudhir Venkatesh, pp. ix-xix and 1-20 in Venkatesh, Off the Books, 2006 [n.b.: some pages are missing]

16a. Conspiracism (left attacks right): David Ray Griffin, “9/11: Time for a Second Look,” speech at Boston University, 11 Apr. 2009 [n.b.: this is a video webcast.  If you’d prefer a written version, see Griffin, “9/11: Time for a Second Look,” Muslim-Jewish-Christian Alliance for 9/11 Truth website, 15 May 2009]

16b. Conspiracism (right attacks left): Timothy Ball interviewed by Bill Steigerwald, “A Skeptic’s Take on Global Warming,” Human Events, 14 Feb. 2007

16c. Conspiracism (left attacks left): Michael Barker, “Sharp Reflection Warranted: Nonviolence in the Service of Imperialism,” Swans Commentary website, 30 Jun. 2008

V. FEMINISM

17a. Liberal Feminism (equity-focused): Camille Paglia, “Feminism Past and Present,” Arion magazine, Spring 2008

17b. Liberal Feminism (care-focused): Rosemarie Tong & Nancy Williams, parts 2.1 and 2.2 of Tong & Williams, “Feminist Ethics,” rev. 4 May 2009, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy online, n.d.

18a. Socialist Feminism (irredentist): Susan Faludi, “Preface to the 15th Anniversary Edition,” pp. ix-xvi in Faludi, Backlash, 2006 ed. [n.b.: two pages are missing]

18b. Socialist Feminism (postcolonial): Chandra Talpede Mohanty, “‘Under Western Eyes’ Revisited,” Signs, Winter 2003

19a. Radical Feminism (visionary): Riane Eisler, “Roadmap to a New Economics,” Tikkun, Nov. 2009

19b. Radical Feminism (eco-feminist): Laura Hobgood-Oster, “Ecofeminism: Historic and International Evolution,” University of Florida faculty website, 8 Aug. 2002 [now in Bron Taylor, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, 2005]

19c. Radical Feminism (hyper-visionary & eco-feminist): Starhawk, “The Vision of the City,” Starhawk's Home Page website, Nov. 2007 [adapted & updated from Starhawk, The Fifth Sacred Thing, 1993]

20a. Third-Wave Feminism (emphasis on family): Rebecca Walker, “How My Mother’s Fanatical Views Tore Us Apart,” Daily Mail (London), 23 May 2008

20b. Third-Wave Feminism (emphasis on complexity): Jennifer Baumgardner, “Abortion Evolution,” Abortion Conversation Project website, 2005

20c. Third-Wave Feminism (emphasis on integrity): Wendy Shalit, pp. xv-xxv & 3-20 in Shalit, The Good Girl Revolution, 2008, orig. Girls Gone Mild, 2007 [n.b.: some pages are missing]

VI. GLOBALISM

21a. Market Globalism (top-down approach): Samuel Palmisano, “The Globally Integrated Enterprise,” Foreign Affairs, May 2006

21b. Market Globalism (bottom-up approach): C.K. Prahalad & Stuart Hart, “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,” strategy+business, first quarter 2002

22a. Cosmopolitan Globalism (world-order emphasis): Gareth Evans, “A Personal Journey,” pp. 1-7 in Evans, The Responsibility to Protect, 2008

22b. Cosmopolitan Globalism (networking emphasis): Anne-Marie Slaughter, “America’s Edge,” Michigan State University College of Education website, orig. Foreign Affairs, Jan. 2009

23a. Justice Globalism (strong on critique): Larissa MacFarquhar, “Outside Agitator: Naomi Klein and the New New Left,” New Yorker, 8 Dec. 2008 [now on Klein's own website, www.naomiklein.org]

23b. Justice Globalism (strong on practice): David Solnit, “Introduction: The New Radicalism,” pp. xi-xxiv in Solnit, ed., Globalize Liberation, 2004

23c. Justice Globalism (strong on vision): George Monbiot, “A Parliament for the Planet,” New Internationalist (Britain), Jan. 2002

VII. LIBERALISM

24a. Progressivism, aka Social Democracy (centrist-liberal version): William Baumol et al., "Why Economic Growth Matters," chap. 2 (pp. 15-34, pdf pages 27-46) in Baumol et al., Good Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, 2007

24b. Progressivism, aka Social Democracy (left-liberal version): William Galston, “The Courage of Our Contradictions,” Democracy Journal, Winter 2010

25a. Republican Democracy (centrist-liberal version): Richard Reeves & Philip Collins, pp. 9-12 in Reeves & Collins, The Liberal Republic, Demos pamphlet (Britain), 2009

25b. Republican Democracy (left-liberal version): Stuart White, “Introduction,” in White and Daniel Leighton, eds., Building a Citizen Society: The Emerging Politics of Republican Democracy, 2008

26a. Third Way-ism (in utero): Charles Peters, “A Neoliberal’s Manifesto,” Washington Monthly, May 1983

26b. Third Way-ism (in power): Bill Clinton, Tony Blair, Gerhard Schroeder, et al., “President Clinton [Leads] World Leaders in a Roundtable Discussion on the Third Way,” Democratic Leadership Council website, 25 Apr. 1999 [n.b.: this is a video webcast only; alas, the transcript has been removed from the Web]

26c. Third Way-ism (after the gold rush): Anthony Giddens, “Introduction,” in Giddens, ed., The Global Third Way Debate, 2001

27a. Communitarianism (bird's-eye view): Philip Selznick, "A Public Philosophy," chap. 1 (pp. 3-15) in Selznick, The Communitarian Persuasion, 2002 [after you click on this link, you’ll need to type “communitarian” into the search box, then make your way to p. 3]

27b. Communitarianism (the details): Amitai Etzioni, "The Third Way to a Good Society," Institute for Communitarian Policy Studies website, orig. Demos pamphlet (Britain), 2000

27c. Communitarianism (current tasks): Madeleine Bunting, “Introduction,” and Michael Sandel, “We Need a Public Life with Purpose,” pp. 4-8 [pdf pp. 5-9] in Bunting et al., eds., Citizen Ethics in a Time of Crisis, Citizen Ethics Network pamphlet (Britain), 2010

28a. Creative Federalism (esp. India): Rajeev Bhargava, "India's Model," openDemocracy website, 3 Nov. 2004

28b. Creative Federalism (esp. Canada & Europe): Will Kymlicka, “Multiculturalism and Minority Rights,” European Centre for Minority Issues paper, 2002

29a. Deliberationism (face-to-face): James Fishkin, “The Nation in a Room,” Boston Review, March 2006

29b. Deliberationism (Web-based): Beth Noveck, “Wiki-Government,” Democracy Journal, Winter 2008

VIII. LIBERTARIANISM

30a. Libertarianism (a celebration): Brian Doherty, “Libertarianism: Past and Prospects,” Cato Unbound website, 7 Mar. 2007

30b. Libertarianism (a defense): Johan Norberg, “The Klein Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Polemics,” Cato Institute briefing paper, May 2008

30c. Libertarianism (a reconceptualization): Virginia Postrel, “After Socialism,” Reason, Nov. 1999

IX. MULTICULTURALISM (expanded at many viewers' request!)

31a. Liberationism, aka Raw Multiculturalism (polite): Martin Duberman, “In Defense of Identity Politics,” In These Times, 9 Jul. 2001

31a. Liberationism, aka Raw Multiculturalism (not so polite): bell hooks, “Killing Rage: Militant Resistance,” pp. 8-20 in hooks, Killing Rage, 1995

31a: Liberationism, aka Raw Multiculturalism (logical next step?): Peter Singer, “All Animals Are Equal,” orig. pp. 148-62 in Tom Regan & Peter Singer, eds., Animal Rights and Human Obligations, 1989 [first-generation arguments]; and Singer, “Animal Liberation at 30,” New York Review of Books, 15 May 2003 [second-generation arguments]

31b. Quasi-Separatism (land!): Winona LaDuke, “Voices from White Earth: Gaa-waabaabiganikaag,” E.F. Schumacher Society lecture, Yale University, Oct. 1993

31b. Quasi-Separatism (reparations!): Randall Robinson, “Introduction,” in Robinson, The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks, 2000

31b. Quasi-Separatism (cultural space!): Michael Warner interviewed by Annamarie Jagose, “Queer World-Making,” Genders website, issue #31, 2000

31c. Communal Pluralism (dialogic): Bhikhu Parekh, “Multiculturalism Is a Civilized Dialogue,” Guardian (Britain), 21 Jan. 2005

31c. Communal Pluralism (participatory): Tariq Ramadan interviewed by Oscar Reyes. “Living Together,” Red Pepper (Britain), 1 Sep. 2005

31c. Communal Pluralism (hybridist): Gregory Rodriguez, “Mongrel America,” Atlantic Monthly, Jan. 2003

31d. Liberal Pluralism (pragmatic): National Indian Gaming Association (NIGA), pp. 1-10 in “The Economic Impact of Indian Gaming,” NIGA pamphlet, 2009

31d. Liberal Pluralism (rights-based): Will Kymlicka, “Liberal Complacencies,” Boston Review, Oct. 1997

31d. Liberal Pluralism (evolutionist): Andrew Sullivan, “Assimilation and Its Meaning,” New Republic, 24 Oct. 2005

31e. Universalism (individualist): Randall Kennedy, “My Race Problem – and Ours,” Atlantic Monthly, May 1997

31e. Universalism (affiliationist): David Hollinger, “From Identity to Solidarity,” Daedalus, Fall 2006

31e. Universalism (cosmopolitanist): Kwame Appiah, “The Case for Contamination,” New York Times Magazine, 1 Jan. 2006

X. NATIONALISM

32a. Right Nationalism (emphasis on traditional culture): Geert Wilders, “Speech at the Hudson Institute in New York,” Freedom Party of The Netherlands website, 25 Sep. 2008

32b. Right Nationalism (emphasis on sovereignty): Ivan Krastev, “Russia as the ‘Other Europe,’” Russia in Global Affairs (Moscow), Oct. 2007

33a. Left Nationalism (emphasis on constitutional norms & procedures): Jan-Werner Muller, “Introduction,” pp. 1-14 in Muller, Constitutional Patriotism, 2008

33b. Left Nationalism (emphasis on plurality of peoples): Kalypso Nicolaidis, “We, the Peoples of Europe . . . ,” Foreign Affairs, Nov. 2004

33c. Left Nationalism (emphasis on national identity construction): Munira Mirza, “Backlash Against Multiculturalism?,” Spiked online journal (Britain), 2 Apr. 2004

XI. POPULISM

34a. Right Populism (leadership view): Matthew Continetti, “The Palin Persuasion: A Case for the New Populism,” Weekly Standard, 16 Nov. 2009

34b. Right Populism (grassroots view): Ben McGrath, “The Movement: The Rise of Tea Party Activism,” New Yorker, 1 Feb. 2010

35a. Left Populism (leadership view): Hugo Chavez, “Speech on Climate Change in Copenhagen,” Venezuela News, Views, and Analysis website, 17 Dec. 2009

35b. Left Populism (grassroots view): Carlos Martinez et al., pp. 1-9 & 30-43 in Martinez et al., Venezuela Speaks!, 2009

XII. RELIGIO-POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

36a. Christian Conservatism (moderate version): John DiIulio interviewed by John Prendergast, "Keeping Faith," Pennsylvania Gazette, Jan. 2008 [includes an excerpt from DiIulio, Godly Republic, 2007]

36a. Christian Conservatism (militant version): Robert P. George et al., "Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience," First Things online, 20 Nov. 2009

36b. Christian Progressivism (moderate version): Jim Wallis, “Why the Church Is the Conscience of the State,” Beliefnet website, Jan. 2008 [excerpted from Wallis, The Great Awakening, 2008]

36b. Christian Progressivism (militant version): Walter Wink, “Christian Nonviolence,” ZNet website, 17 Dec. 2004

37a. Hindu Nationalism: Christopher Jaffrelot, “Introduction: The Invention of an Ethnic Nationalism,” pp. 3-25 in Jaffrelot, ed., Hindu Nationalism: A Reader, 2007

37b. Hindu Progressivism: Balmurli Natrajan, “Searching for a Progressive Hindu/ism,” Tikkun, 14 Aug. 2009

38a. Islamic Reformism (focus on Muslim societies): Ziuddin Sardar interviewed by Mustafa Ahmad, “The Reformist,” The News (Karachi), 23 Nov. 2008

38a. Islamic Reformism (focus on the West): Tariq Modood, “Moderate Secularism, Religion as Identity, and Respect for Religion,” Political Quarterly (Britain), vol. 81, no. 1, 2010

38b. Islamic Radicalism (reasons): Osama bin Laden, "Letter to the American People," Observer (London), 24 Nov. 2002

38b. Islamic Radicalism (passion): Imam Anwar Al-Awlaki interviewed by Al-Qaeda’s “media branch” in Yemen, “2010 Interview, Part One” and “2010 Interview, Part Two,” MEMRI-TV archive, 28 May 2010 [n.b.: these are video webcasts.  If YouTube removes them, try Google under “MEMRI-TV Al-Awlaki 2010”]

39a. Neo-Zionism: Ronen Shoval interviewed by Elliot Resnick, “‘We Need to Have New Ideological Blood in the System,’” Jewish Press, 17 Mar. 2010

39b. Post-Zionism: Michael Lerner, “Israel 60 Years Later,” Tikkun, 11 Jun. 2009

40a. Spiritual Politics / Engaged Buddhism (Burma): Aung San Suu Kyi, “Freedom from Fear,” undelivered Sakharov Prize speech to European Parliament, Strasbourg, France, 10 July 1991 [now chap. 6 in Suu Kyi, Freedom from Fear and Other Writings, ed. Michael Aris, rev. 1995]

40b. Spiritual Politics / Engaged Buddhism (U.S.): bell hooks & Thich Nhat Hanh, “Building a Community of Love,” Shambhala Sun, Jan. 2000 [now pp. 235-50 in Jennifer Willis, ed., A Lifetime of Peace: Essential Writings by and about Thich Nhat Hanh, 2003]

40b. Spiritual Politics / Transformationalism: David Korten, “Spiritual Awakening, a New Economy, and the End of Empire,” Tikkun, 25 Feb. 2009

40c. Spiritual Politics / Principled Nonviolence: Michael Nagler et al., “Principled Nonviolence,” “Strategic Nonviolence,” “‘Work’ vs. Work,” “Constructive Program,” and “Parallel Institutions,” Metta Center for Nonviolence website, c. 2010 [brief summaries]; or Nagler interviewed by David Kupfer, “Nonviolence, Spiritual Growth, and Real Security,” Whole Earth, Fall 2002 [discursive]

XIII. SOCIALISM

41a. Democratic Socialism (mainstream): Gordon Brown, “Speech to the Fabian Society New Year Conference,” PoliticsHome website (Britain), 16 Jan. 2010

41b. Democratic Socialism (oppositional): Jon Cruddas, “Compass Summer Lecture,” Compass website (Britain), 9 Sep. 2009

42a. Developmental Socialism (emphasis on economics): Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, speech before the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, 29 Jan. 2004

42b. Developmental Socialism (emphasis on politics): Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, speech before the 64th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, New York, 23 Sept. 2009

43a. State Socialism (China’s way): Wang Yu, “Our Way: Building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics,” Political Affairs, Jan. 2004

43b. State Socialism (Cuba’s way): Raul Castro, “Speech at the National Assembly of People’s Power,” Havana Convention Center, 1 Aug. 2009

44a, Neo-Marxism (a pre-Seattle synthesis): Subcomandante Marcos, “The Fourth World War Has Begun,” Le Monde Diplomatique (Paris), Sep. 1997

44b. Neo-Marxism (a World Social Forum activist's synthesis): Walden Bello, “Capitalism’s Crisis and Our Response,” speech at the Conference on the Global Crisis, Berlin, 20 Mar. 2009

45a. Neo-Georgism (deep-reformist): Peter Barnes, “Capitalism, the Commons, and Divine Right,” E.F. Schumacher Society website, Oct. 2003

45b. Neo-Georgism (revolutionary): Michael Hardt, “Politics of the Common,” ZNet website, 6 Jul. 2009

46a. Neo-Confucianism (Sinologist’s view): Daniel A. Bell, “From Marx to Confucius,” Dissent, Spring 2007

46b. Neo-Confucianism (Beijing professor’s view): Wang Rui-Chang, “The Rise of Political Confucianism in Contemporary China,” Inside-Out China website, 8 Apr. 2009

XIV. INTEGRATIVE IDEOLOGIES

47a. Radical Centrism (post-partisan stance): Ted Halstead & Michael Lind, “Introduction: Digital Disjuncture,” pp. 1-29 in Halstead & Lind, The Radical Center, 2001 [after you click on this link, you’ll need to type “Digital Disjuncture” into the search box]

47b. Radical Centrism (transpartisan stance): Michael Ostrolenk interviewed by David Schimke, “America’s Transpartisan Future,” Utne Reader, Sep. 2009

47c. Radical Centrism (Britain): Peter Kellner, “Yes, We Still Need Meritocracy,” New Statesman (Britain), 9 Jul. 2001

48a. African Renaissance / Pan-Africanism (from an African political leader): Thabo Mbeke, "The African Renaissance, South Africa and the World," speech at United Nations University, Tokyo, 9 Apr. 1998

48b. African Renaissance / Pan-Africanism (from an African professor & mediator): Washington Okumu, “Introduction,” pp. 1-21 in Okumu, The African Renaissance, 2002

48c. African Renaissance / Pan-Africanism (from an African minister): Desmond Tutu on the concept of ubuntu, pp. 24-27 in Tutu, God Has a Dream, 2004

49a. Personalism (emphasis on individuality as distinct from individualism): Adam Lent, “The Ethical Is Political,” pp. 57-59 [pdf pp. 58-60] in Madeline Bunting et al., eds., Citizen Ethics in a Time of Crisis, Citizen Ethics Network pamphlet (Britain), 2010

49b. Personalism (emphasis on individual dignity): Robert Fuller, pp. 1-24 in Fuller, Somebodies and Nobodies: Overcoming the Abuse of Rank, 2004

49c. Personalism (emphasis on individual awareness & compassion): Martha Nussbaum, “Compassion and Global Responsibility,” commencement address at Georgetown University, Washington DC, 16 May 2003

50a. Integral Evolutionism (high theory): Don Beck, “Stages of Social Development,” Center for Human Emergence website, Oct. 2000

50b. Integral Evolutionism (theory into practice): Steve McIntosh, “Integral Politics and the Evolution of Consciousness and Culture,” Tikkun, 10 Jun. 2009

CONCLUSION: BEYOND IDEOLOGY?

A. Beyond Ideology?, I (facts): Terence Dunworth et al., “The Case for Evidence-Based Policy,” Urban Institute website, rev. 2008

B. Beyond Ideology?, II (feelings): Dominique Moisi, “The Clash of Emotions,” orig. Foreign Affairs, Jan. 2007

C. Beyond Ideology?, III (courage): Asha Hagi, “Right Livelihood Awards Acceptance Speech,” Stockholm, 8 Dec. 2008

D. Beyond Ideology?, IV (mutual learning): Tu Weiming, “Mutual Learning as an Agenda for Social Development,” Tu Weiming website, n.d. [now concluding chapter in Molefi Asante et al., eds., The Global Intercultural Communication Reader, 2007]

E. Beyond Ideology?, V (“living within the truth”): Vaclav Havel, passages from “The Power of the Powerless,” essay orig. distributed Oct. 1978 in Czechoslovakia in samizdat [now Chap. 1 in Havel et al., The Power of the Powerless, ed. John Keane, 1985]

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APPENDIX: UNDERSTANDING THE LIST-MAKER

A. No Ideology, No Movement: Mark Satin, “Is There an Invisible and Exceptionally Life-Loving Political Movement in Our Midst?,” Radical Middle online newsletter, Oct. 2007

B. Ideology Is Not Enough: Mark Satin, “Participants Agonize Over the Death and Life of the [New World Alliance],” Radical Middle online newsletter, Jan. 2008